Background: As an inflammatory process that involves the paranasal sinuses, chronic sinusitis (CS) is one of the most prevalent chronic illnesses that affects all age groups. Parasitic fungi are involved in sinusitis infections. Objective: This study is aimed at the molecular detection of sinusitis caused by such fungi. Methods: Seventy-two samples were collected from the secretions of maxillary and frontal sinuses of patients from Rasoul-e Akram (PbUH) Hospital in Tehran during sinus operation. Fungal genomic DNA was extracted by a DNP kit. The detection of fungi was carried out by employing a sequence-specific target, namely mt cyte b gene locus, and using primers. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was optimized, and the limit of detection (LOD) and specificity tests were performed. The amplicon was cloned by the T/A cloning method, which was used for sequencing and positive control. Results: The 430-bp PCR product underwent appropriate propagation before being amplified and was observed on 1. 5% electrophoreses gel. The evaluation of the selected primers with seven DNA constructs from another microorganisms demonstrated 100% specificity. The limit of detection of the optimized test was evaluated up to 50 fungi. Out of 72 samples, 9. 7% were positive for fungi existence. Conclusions: This study indicated that molecular diagnosis of the target mt cyte b gene using LOD enhances clinical laboratory detection of fungal sinusitis.

An electrochemical sensor for the sensitive and selective measurement of Uric acid in the presence of Guanine is created using bismuth ferrite Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposites modified carbon paste electrode (MCPE). The simple combustion approach was used to synthesize the bismuth ferrite MWCNT nanocomposites. Bismuth ferrite MWCNT nanocomposite structural morphology and characterization were investigated through the use of EDX, FT-IR, SEM, and powder XRD. At very low concentrations, bismuth ferrite MWCNT nanocomposites had an amazing synergistic effect on Uric acid (UA) electrochemical sensing. Under ideal circumstances, the bismuth ferrite MWCNT nanocomposites MCPE demonstrated good linear properties for the quantitative analysis of UA and GU with a limit of detection 1.56 µM and 0.085 µM respectively, and simultaneous study of UA and GU is carried out by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The bismuth ferrite MWCNT nanocomposites MCPE was used for analysis of UA and GU in the real samples.

Background and Objectives: Diagnosis of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection could be missed in some cases if serological tests are used solely. Molecular characterization of HEV is essential for diagnosis of acute and chronic HEV infections, and evaluating the chronic HEV infection status in immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to prepare a suitable HEV positive control, determine the limit of detection (LOD) of HEV RNA for a specific molecular test, and evaluate the efficiency and precision of the test.Methods: Genomic region of HEV NCBI reference sequence was constructed. LOD, intra-assay precision, and inter-assay precision were calculated to evaluate the efficiency and precision of the test. Then, tenfold serial dilutions of the HEV positive control were prepared.Real time PCR was performed three times for each dilution. Mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation of cycle thresholds obtained in three independent and simultaneous tests were calculated, and the results were analyzed.Results: The LOD of this test was determined as 1.4×104 copy/ml or 42 copy/reaction or 14 copy/ml. Intra-assay precision and inter-assay precision for all assays were lower than 2.5% and 10%, respectively.Conclusion: We propose that the real time PCR assay targeting the ORF2/3 overlapping conserved region is suitable for detection of a wide range of different HEV genotypes found in acute and chronic HEV infections. However, the precision of the test should be improved for detecting HEV RNA lower than 103 copy/ml.

In the present research, combustion species detection in methane/air flame is carried out based on Flame Emission Spectroscopy (FES). Experimental investigation is performed on a test rig equipped with measurement devices to get the flame emission of a perforated burner which is one of most popular burners used in condensation boilers. Combustion species H2O*, OH*, CH* and C2* are detected from their chemiluminescence The emission of OH* radical was investigated for different equivalence ratios (Φ ) and burner powers showing an intensity peak in the range of Φ between 0. 77 to 0. 85 that corresponds to the maximum heat release rate. Emission of H2O* was also investigated leading to its maximum at Φ =0. 82 which shows the most complete combustion equation for different burner powers. The similar experiment showed that OH*/CH* intensity ratio was independent of burner power as is confirmed by previous researchers. One could infer equivalence ratio from the flame emission. Burner surface temperature was also targeted by an infrared thermometer with the purpose of finding the maximum surface temperature of 415 to 420oC which happened at nearly Φ =0. 82 for all burner powers. Finding equivalence ratio of the burner by using its natural emission and improving its efficiency by the method of investigating combustion specifications relating to heat release rate is the basis of this work.

Sound is one of the forms of mechanical energy and the two main characteristics of sound are intensity or power and frequency or wavelength of sound.their performance against the incoming sound wave, industrial silencers can be divided into two general groups of resonating and absorption silencers, the main difference between these silencers is the release of sound energy from the channeling system, which is one of the common examples of the use of resonating type silencers, their use in It is the internal combustion engines that distinguish absorption silencers from the resonator type based on the fact that the main and visible part of the act of muting the sound is achieved by changing sound energy to heat energy.The goal of this article is to design a muffler based on the breaking of sound frequencies resulting from the movement of fluid in the exhaust output of vehicles, which leads to a reduction of at least 50 db of sound and gives the operator enough peace and concentration. In this article, after examining three types of mufflers, absorbent mufflers that use the properties of porous absorbent material to absorb passing sound and are the simplest form of mufflers, have been selected, analyzed and reviewed and are suitable for the OM457 engine of Idem Industrial Company. It designed for maximum inlet exhaust temperature is 520 and for the maximum kW power is 315 with the maximum discharge relative pressure of 185 mbar for homogenization with the standard atmosphere.

In this Study، according to microfluidic structure and bio inspired techniques، a material detection sensor has been designed and fabricated based on micro fabrication method. The capacitive sensing has been designed numerically and optimized by a familiar multi physics software. In this type of sensor، a defined aptamer has been coated on the capacitor electrode surface and by flowing the fluid through the microchannel، the targeted material would be involved between the aptamer string structure and it makes a change in capacitor value. In this research، a novel readout system based on limit cycle has been introduced and implemented. In this method، a virtual nonlinear dynamic has been supposed beside the real system and makes the whole system behave in a limit cycle (LC). By measuring LC frequency and amplitude، capacitor value is estimated.

In recent years, a lot of attention has been paid to quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles as fluorescent sensors for sensitive and accurate detection of cancer biomarkers. Here, using a homemade specific monoclonal antibody against CA125 and QD525-or FITC-labeled probes, expression of this marker in an ovarian cancer cell line and cancer tissues were traced and optical properties of fluorophores were compared qualitatively and quantitatively. Our results clearly showed that besides lower background and exceptionally higher photobleaching resistance, QD525 exhibited higher fluorescent intensity for both ovarian cancer cell and tissues at different exposure times (p<0. 0001) and excitation filter sets (p<0. 0001) exemplified by significantly higher staining index (p<0. 016). More importantly, the FITC-labeled probe detected antigen-antibody complex at minimum concentration of 0. 3  g/mL of anti-CA125, while reactivity limit decreased to 0. 078  g/mL of anti-CA125 when QD525-labeled probe was applied showing four times higher reactivity level of QD525 probe compared to the same probe labeled with FITC. Based on our results, it seems that QDs are inimitable tags for sensitive detection and localization of ovarian cancer micrometastasis and molecular demarcation of cancer tissues in surgical practice, which subsequently figure out accurate therapeutic approaches.

A label-free electrochemical nucleic acid aptasensor for the detection of methamphetamine (MA) by the immobilization of thiolated self-assembled DNA sequences on a gold nanoparticles-chitosan modified electrode is constructed. When MA was complexed specifically to the aptamer, the configuration of the nucleic acid aptamer switched to a locked structure and the interface of the biosensor changed, resulting in a variation of the corresponding peak current of an electrochemical probe ([Fe(CN)6]3-/4-). Two different methods of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and microcantilever were employed to determine MA detection limit. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the presented sensor exhibits a nice specificity towards MA. The detection limits for MA in electrode and microcantilever were obtained 10 and 0. 7 nM. The proposed aptasensor can be easily regenerated by the denaturalization of aptamer-target complexes in a heated water bath at 80-90 ° C. Besides, this biosensor has a high reproducibility and selectivity, which can be a promising method to detect MA in real samples.